Bacterial EPIYA effectors - Where do they come from? What are they? Where are they going?

Bacterial EPIYA effectors – Where do they come from? What are they? Where are they going?

Recent studies have revealed a distinct class of bacterial effectors defined by the presence of EPIYA or EPIYA-related motif. These bacterial EPIYA effectors are delivered into host cells via type III or IV secretion, where they undergo tyrosine phosphorylation at the EPIYA motif and thereby manipulate host signalling by promiscuously interacting with multiple SH2 domain-containing proteins. Up...

Unicolonial ants: where do they come from, what are they and where are they going?

Unicolonial ant populations are the most extensive cooperative units known in nature, forming networks of interconnected nests extending sometimes hundreds of kilometers. Within such a supercolony, worker altruistic behavior might be maladaptive, because it seems to aid random members of the population instead of relatives. However, recent genetic and behavioral data show that, viewed on a suff...

Universal Grammar and Chaos/Complexity Theory: Where Do They Meet And Where Do They Cross?

  Abstract The present study begins by sketching "Chaos/Complexity Theory" (C/CT) and its applica-tion to the nature of language and language acquisition. Then, the theory of "Universal Grammar" (UG) is explicated with an eye to C/CT. Firstly, it is revealed that CCT may or may not be allied with a theory of language acquisition that takes UG as the initial state of language acquisition for ...

Accountable Care Organizations: What are they? Where are they coming from? Where will they lead?

Integrated Circuit Brokers: Where do they come from? Where are they heading?

-Infrastructures to provide access to custom integrated hardware manufacturing facilities are important because they allow Students and Researchers to access professional facilities at a reasonable cost, and they allow Companies to access small volume production, otherwise difficult to obtain directly from manufacturers. This paper is reviewing the most recent developments at CMP, as well as ot...